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Endevor is a source code management and release management tool for mainframe computers running z/OS.[1]It is part of a family of administration tools by CA Technologies (formerly Computer Associates), which is used to maintain software applications and track their versions.[2]
The word ENDEVOR is an acronym which originally stood for Environment for Developers and Operations but is now the formal product name for CA's flagship mainframe Application Lifecycle Management source control product. It also competes against another CA source code management tool, Panvalet.
- 2Endevor Element Functions
- 4Release Management
- 5Security
- 5.2Endevor Security Tables
Source Control[edit]
Endevor provides control of source and related code objects as individual elements. The reference 'element' is used to define the smallest object for which Endevor controls. Standard source control functions are supported for element control including ADD, UPDATE, DELETE, MOVE, TRANSFER, SIGNIN and SIGNOUT.
Endevor Element Functions[edit]
Endevor functions can be accessed interactively using 3270ISPF panels or in batch mode using JCL and the Endevor API. Many functions executed in interactive mode are completed in batch mode. All Endevor element functions are described using a proprietary Software Control Language.
Add[edit]
The ADD instruction can be used to define a new element to an Endevor stage or add a previously registered element to the first stage in a define lifecycle. The ADD function invokes a generate processor which then executes all actions required to register or update the element metadata and process outputs.Generally, the result of issuing an ADD function is that the element will be registered to the target Endevor stage, or the element registration will be updated in the target stage and the appropriate generate processor will be invoked.
Generally, result of invoking a generate processor is that the source code is copied to the appropriate source library and, in the case of programs, the source is compiled and linked and the load modules are copied to the target stage load libraries.
Move[edit]
The move function moves an element registration from the target to the source stage and also, by invoking a move processor, moves the element output objects from the target to source libraries.
An element can only moved along a pre-defined lifecycle.
Delete[edit]
Deletes the target element registration and deletes the associated element source and load modules.
Transfer[edit]
Moves an element from any source stage to any target stage. The TRANSFER function is used to bypass pre-defined lifecycles.
Generate[edit]
Generate outputs. In the case of programs this includes the program LOAD module/s, DBRM and source. A GENERATE is generally executed immediately following an ADD or UPDATE.
Source Control vs Output Library Control[edit]
Endevor separates the control of source from the objects used as input and the objects created as output when an action is performed. In most cases, an element is stored internally by Endevor as the code base with subsequent changes stored as deltas. As such, control of source happens internally to Endevor and source control actions are separate from changes to objects in the output libraries which includes load modules and copies of processed code.
Endevor controlled libraries are secured with a mainframe security product such as RACF or ACF. The Endevor application executes system actions using two dedicated system accounts for which have the access to write to Endevor controlled libraries. As a general rule general mainframe users are prohibited from modifying Endevor controlled libraries. This ensures that the only way to generate and promote code is via Endevor and provides an audit trail of all changes.
Output libraries controlled by Endevor are used to store the following types of objects:
- Element source (usually a copy of the most recent version of input source stored to allow direct and easy access using standard mainframe tools)
- Element base (normally as an encrypted file name)
- Element deltas (normally as an encrypted file name)
- Load modules (compiled executables)
- DBRM modules (compiled modules containing the SQL statements and variables used by programs)
- Listings (verbose summary of actions which occurred during element functions)
This allows for the users of Endevor, such as developers, to be separated from the control of the objects which they modify using Endevor functions. As Endevor provides an interface for creating, modifying, moving, deleting and transferring elements via pre-defined lifecycles there is no need for any end user to have alter or update access to libraries controlled by Endevor. This ensures that an audit trail is maintained for all actions and that the resulting objects controlled by Endevor can be trusted.
Release Management[edit]
Endevor supports release management, as defined by ITIL in the form of package control. Two options are available for package security - native Endevor security or Endevor External Security Interface (ESI).
Package Control[edit]
Endevor supports release management in the form of package control. A package is a container for Endevor SCL and associated control information for code release. At a minimum a package has a name, an execution window defined the time range for when the package can be executed, notes about the package, various flags and at least one value SCL statement.
A key attribute of package control is that security approver groups can be linked to each package. Each security group specifies a list of users authorised to act for that group with a set quorum per group.
Any Endevor stage which is flagged as being packaged controlled requires all actions to be executed using a package. This allows for defined systems development lifecycle stages to have set approvers and controlled releases.
As the Endevor product does not have a scheduling component a third party tool such as IBM Tivoli Workload Scheduler or CA7 must be used to execute Endevor packages according to release schedule.
Security[edit]
Endevor Native Security[edit]
Endevor native security is a built in security option which allows Endevor Administrators to define approver groups per Endevor Environment, approver group relationships per Endevor Environment and security tables per Endevor Environment and for specific Endevor functions.
Each approver group can have up to 16 userids. The first userid in an approver group is generally always set to be the Endevor internal system userid 'NDVR' which grants the Endevor (batch) system the authority to execute package actions. This is due to the security model within Endevor for which requires explicit security access. This means that if the internal Endevor system userid is not linked into one of the approver groups when a package is cast then the Endevor (batch) system can not execute commands against that package.
Each approver in an approver group can be defined as being a mandatory or optional approver by specifying a flag in the approver group definition. The default configuration for Endevor approver groups is that no one specific approver in an approver group is mandatory.
Each approver group has a set quorum for which can be set to 0 to 16. Generally, an approver group will have a quorum of 1, meaning that at least one of the users listed in the approver group needs to approve the package in order for the package to progress to the APPROVED status. An approver group quorum of zero is used for approver groups where the users either need to be informed of package actions or users require the ability to DENY a package but are not explicitly required to approve. Where an approver group with a quorum of zero is attached to a package the approval state is automatically set to APPROVED for that group.
The quorum of zero is normally used for a scenario where a specific approver group requires the ability to deny a package in a situation where approval is automatic.
There is no limit to how many approver groups can be linked to a single package. Which approver groups are linked to a package is based on the approver group rules. As a general rule, when package control is used for an Endevor stage then every Endevor system will have at least one approver group for that stage and the approver group would have a quorum of zero. This means for every system referenced in the package there will be at least one approval required.
Approver groups can be dynamically altered by Endevor exits at cast time, for example, to change the quorum, link an additional approver group, or to add or remove users from an approver group. These changes are only applicable to the package being cast and are not permanent changes to approver group configuration.
Endevor also has a function to allow approvers to be interactively dynamically added to an approver group after a package is successfully cast.
Endevor Security Tables[edit]
Security tables are standard mainframe compiled assembler reference binary lookup tables. The table source is standard declared name pair mainframe table compiled (ASMA90) and linked (IEWL) assembler lookup (CONSDEF, TYPE=, TABLE=, GROUP=, USERID=) which is stored in a load library and referenced as a binary object by the Endevor security system as defined via the C1DEFLTS configuration module. Generally, there is one security table per Endevor environment, however a single security table can be referenced by multiple environments. These tables are where the access for Endevor functions is defined when using native security.
Endevor System Access Table[edit]
Access to Endevor Environments is defined by a single security table per Endevor environment. This security table defines the access control lists defined by groups for which users are assigned to and lists the stages for which users can interact with. Access can then be granted to one or more users based on the user's mainframe userid as a static value or using $ as a wildcard for 'any character'.
A user can be defined to multiple groups with least restrict access rules being applied.
Each Endevor environment has a granular breakdown of functions specific to that environment. This controls the ability for users to execute specific SCM functions such as ADD, UPDATE, DELETE, MOVE.
Endevor Security Table Compile and Link[edit]
Endevor security tables are compiled and linked on the mainframe using the standard assembler compiler ASMA90 and linked using IEWL.A security table can be defined per Endevor environment to provide granular control for element actions down to per user if required.
Exits[edit]
Endevor administrators can modify Endevor functions and capture information using exits. There are several exit types, each attached to a specific Endevor function. Exits are generally written as COBOL or Assembler programs but theoretically can be any language that can be compiled and linked on z/OS. An exit will specify where in the exit tree that the code will be executed and what will be affected.
As an example, an exit could be written to trigger 'before package cast' to link an additional approver group to the package being cast.As an example, an exit could fail the generate action where the CCID is invalid.
An Endevor exit program has access to most of the information relevant to the action being performed, for example name of the package, package action, package contents, etc.
Exits are generally used to enforce system policy and enhance Endevor functionality. In particular, exits are used to deny end users from executing actions which would subvert the integrity of the system development life cycle process.
An exit is generally used to determine when and to whom to send emails to, for example to notify Endevor approvers that a package is waiting to be reviewed or that a package has been reset.
Processors[edit]
Primary Endevor element functions, including GENERATE DELETE and MOVE, execute programs written in an Endevor specific language similar to JCL to perform SCL functions such as moving source code and load modules.
Every generate, move and delete action is executed by calling a processor. Every type has at least one processor defined for which lists the name of the processor that performs the action required. The default system processor executes a standard copy, move or delete action.
Processor code looks like and executes similar to JCL. Processors can use both Endevor symbols and Endevor variables. Endevor systems are defined by a specific symbol table which is essentially a list of name pair values.
Where a processor is not defined to a type / processor group / function, being generate delete or move, the default processor is invoked. The default process moves the element BASE, DELTA and SOURCE OUTPUT LIBRARY objects from the source libraries to the target libraries as defined by the element TYPE.
Element Types[edit]
Endevor maintains configuration control for each element registered in the system. Every element is distinguished by the element name, system, subsystem and type. The type definition determines how the element is stored and how subsequent changes, known as deltas, are handled.
Example of an Endevor TYPE definition for COBOL objects. In this example the type is COBOL in the TEST environment.
In the example shown the code related objects in the BASE library, DELTA library and SOURCE Output library are handled by the Endevor system not by the processor. The system uses these values to determine the source and target locations.
Types controlled by Endevor generally include COBOL, Assembler, JCL, REXX, ISPF Panels, ISPF Skeletons and parms. In this manner Endevor can be configured to handle most mainframe files.
References[edit]
- ^'Product Sheet - CA Endevor® Software Change Manager Release 15.1'(PDF). ca Technologies. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
- ^PCmag.com
Extensions[edit]
Endevor has several programs for which extend the primary Endevor functions.
Program | Purpose |
---|---|
Quick-Edit | Standalone program to shortcut the process of element checkout, retrieve and checkin |
Harweb | Midrange web interface for Endevor information and functions |
ACM | Automated configuration control which enhances Endevor element component information |
Environment Separation[edit]
Endevor provides multiple methods for installing and accessing distinct separate instances of Endevor for which are installed on the same LPAR. As a general rule, one version of Endevor is installed and used per LPAR.
Competing Products[edit]
The same functionality for source control and release management functions are provided by several other products.
Integration with other tools[edit]
Endevor integrates with RDz (Rational Developer for System z). Developers can code in RDz IDE and seamlessly interface with Endevor their codes. Click here for details.
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endevor&oldid=879660758'
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Creative liberties are taken with just about any adaptation, and loyalists to George R.R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire novels have long criticized HBO’s Game of Thrones for its departures from the show’s source material. While there are events that happened in Game of Thrones much differently than they did in the books, there are also a number of occurrences that mirror what Martin originally put to paper.
Even at this late stage of the series, there are some plot points from the books that could potentially still happen. For some, however, the ship has sailed — and with only two episodes left, they’re unlikely to play out. Nevertheless, we rounded up some of the most interesting plot lines from the books that didn’t make the transition from page to screen.
(Note: There will be some discussion of events in the series through the most recent season 8 episode, so consider this a spoiler warning if you’re not caught up with the current season.)
Lady Stoneheart
In the books, Catelyn Stark’s body is recovered from a river, and Beric Dondarrion trades his life for hers. (In the series, Beric instead sacrifices himself to save Catelyn’s daughter Arya much later on.) This isn’t Lady Stark as we know her, however, but rather a silent (due to her throat being slit), vengeful undead being known as Lady Stoneheart, obsessed with murdering anyone connected to the Freys, the Lannisters, and the events of the Red Wedding.
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In Game of Thrones, Catelyn is brutally killed at the Red Wedding after witnessing the murder of her eldest son, Robb. That’s the last we’ve seen of her in the show, though. It’s possible she could still show up, but it’s looking more likely that this particular storyline was scrapped.
Manderly vs. Bolton
After the Boltons take over Winterfell and control of the North, House Manderly plots to overthrow them, demonstrating their loyalty to the Starks. There’s a complicated story arc involving one of the lords from that house, Wyman, who plans to fake dedication to the Freys and Lannisters while having secret meetings with Ser Davos, but this never happens in the Game of Thrones series despite featuring prominently in the novels.
Prince Doran’s secret plan
In the Game of Thrones series, Prince Doran Martell, ruler of Dorne, is merely a peripheral character who meets his end fairly early. In the books, however, Doran plays a much larger role in a plot to take the Iron Throne. His plan is to have his eldest son Quentyn find and marry Daenerys Targaryen, then bring her and her dragons back to Westeros to take the Iron Throne together. No surprise: Things don’t work out as planned in the books, and Quentyn meets his end during the ill-fated endeavor.
Arianne Martell’s matriarchy plan
Another abandoned Martell-centred plot from the books has Arianne Martell, the eldest daughter of Doran, plan the kidnapping of Myrcella Baratheon in order to have her take the Iron Throne from her brother Tommen. Her end goal is to restore a matriarchy to the realm. In the show, Oberyn Martell’s bastard daughters — called the Sand Snakes — are the central Martell children to be featured and play a role in murdering Myrcella instead of kidnapping her.
Young Griff
This storyline could still happen in Game of Thrones, but it would be a huge wrench thrown into the narrative just ahead of the series’ end. In Martin’s novels, a boy named Young Griff meets Tyrion on a riverboat on his way to find Daenerys in Meereen. This young man claims to be Aegon Targaryen, who was presumed dead, but he now insists he is ready to stake his claim to the Iron Throne. In the show, Jon Snow is set up to be Aegon Targaryen, so this is how they’re interpreting that storyline for the adaptation.
A friend’s sacrifice
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One of the more controversial plot points in the Game of Thrones series has Sansa Stark sent to marry the dreadful Ramsay Bolton, who violently rapes her and forces Theon Greyjoy to watch. This is a far cry from the way things go down in the books. It’s Sansa’s childhood friend, Jeyne Poole, posing as Arya Stark, who is forced to marry Ramsay in the novels. She similarly endures constant abuse at his hands, confined to a tower and awaiting rescue.
Mance Rayder’s secret
The leader of the “Free Folk” Wildlings, Mance Rayder, was killed by a mercy arrow in the TV series, shot by Jon Snow before he could be burned to death on the orders of Stannis Baratheon. In the book, this seems to happen, but it’s eventually revealed that a Wildling named Rattleshirt had been disguised as Mance. Meanwhile, the real Mance, who switched his visual appearance with Rattleshirt, attempts to rescue Theon and Jeyne from Ramsay Bolton.
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Jojen Reed’s disappearance
Jojen Reed died in Game of Thrones after guiding Bran to the Three-Eyed Raven, having done so in both the series and the books. His greensight gave him prophetic dreams and allowed him to help Bran understand his gifts, but he left Bran to wing it (pun intended) in the show after being stabbed by wights. In the books, Jojen’s death isn’t as certain, having simply retreated into himself and disappeared into the caves, never to be seen again.
Griff’s greyscale
In the TV series, Tyrion and Jorah end up cornered by stone men afflicted with grayscale, and Jorah catches the deadly disease that turns flesh to stone. In Martin’s novels, however, Jorah never ends up kidnapping Tyrion and contracting grayscale. Tyrion meets a man named Griff in the books, and after Griff dives into the water to save him (just as Jorah did in the series), he ends up catching grayscale.
Joffrey’s death
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Joffrey’s death happens in the books in the same way it does in the series, having the cruel king succumb to poisoning. The manner in which his death takes place, however, is so gruesomely described in the book that it’s no wonder it was softened for television. In the book, Joffrey claws open his own throat in a desperate attempt to breathe. In the series, his death was still brutal as he clenched his throat with his eyes and nose bleeding, and his face turned purple before he passed away — anything but peacefully — in his mother’s arms.